Depending on the area of change in the urine index, the doctor suggests the causes of deviations from the norm. More often he looks at the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, epithelium. With their slight change, one can suspect the disease in the early stages of development.
The amount of urine.
Volume should be medium. If it is lowered this is indicative of inflammatory kidney disease. When the level of biological fluid is exceeded, water-salt metabolism is disturbed.
Color.
The color of urine depends on the amount of pigments. In a healthy person, it is yellow. If there are many pigments in inflammatory diseases of the liver, biliary system, it darkens. Dark urine is observed in the morning, and light urine during the day.
Transparency.
A healthy woman should have clear urine. If turbidity appears in it, this indicates bacteriuria. For example, Escherichia coli in the urine during pregnancy.
Density.
Density or specific gravity of urine refers to the amount of substances contained in urine. If the value exceeds the norm, the kidneys do not work enough, passing substances. Decreased levels indicate a lack of substances in the body.
Ph urine.
Normally, the acid-base state of the urine of a pregnant woman is less than 7 units. PH in the urine is increased in violation acid-base state in the body or inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and other departments.
Protein.
Normally, a person has traces of protein. If a large amount of protein is formed, this indicates an inflammatory diseases of the urinary system, serious renal pathologies. The amount of protein can increase with prolonged fasting.
Glucose.
Glucose is found in the urine with glucosuria, diabetes during pregnancy. Normally, a small amount of the substance is observed.
Bilirubin, urobilinogen.
Not present in a healthy woman. An increase in the rate occurs with an inflammatory disease of the liver or biliary system.
Ketone bodies.
Normally, ketone bodies in a healthy woman are practically not detected. They occur when the pH shifts to the acid side, this happens with diabetes mellitus in the decompensated stage.
Erythrocytes.
Normally, single cells are absent or appear. They are determined in the urine with mechanical damage to any part of the urinary system. RBCs should not exceed 2 cells per entire smear microscopy specimen.
Leukocytes.
Leukocytes in the urinary tract appear in the urine with pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis, and other inflammatory diseases of the urinary system. Urinary tract infection in a pregnant woman is dangerous, it can lead to the spread of bacteria through the placenta. Normally, there are a small number of leukocytes in the urine, as they destroy penetrating bacteria.
Epithelium.
The presence of epithelium indicates mechanical damage to the mucous membrane, inflammatory diseases of any department urinary system during pregnancy with urine. Flat cellular elements in a healthy person are slightly present.
Cylinders.
Normally single cylinders can be detected in urine. A large number appears in inflammatory diseases of the kidneys, hepatitis, scarlet fever, lupus erythematosus, and other diseases.
Salt.
Normally, a small amount of salts is determined. The indicator is detected because urolithiasis or kidney stones appear.